<tl^ 




Class V^O 'r. 

Book . (j 74 



Ml « I? E S TJ, 

\l$ I^egouiice? and po^^Mifie^. 



/ 



MINNESOTA 



Its Resources and Possibilities. 



Physical: . - - Professor C. W. Hall. 
Commercial: - - - Mr. David C. Bell. 
Religious: _ _ ^ - Rev. J. H. Morley. 



READ BEFORE THE 



dongregatioqal Club of IjinnB^ota, 

— AND— 

Published by Request. 



PRESS OF CHAS. E. YOUNG & CO. 
MINNEAPOLIS, 1885. 



F(fiO 



.Clf 



40o92 

At a meeting of the Congregational Club of Minnesota, held April 
27th, 1885, in the Pilgrim Church, in Minneapolis, the papers now laid 
before the public were read, and, by the unanimous vote of the Club, 
copies were requested for publication, in order that the valuable facts 
compiled with such care might be more widely known. 

H. C. HOVEY, 

M. M. G. Dana, 
H. H. Hakt, 

Committee. 



I h)c- physical • PossilDililics-o[-^ii-)i-)CsoIa. 

BY PROFESSOR C. \V. HALJ.. 

7]S knowledge accumulates and opportunity for observation 
{^ broadens, thoughtful minds are more and more incliiKHl 
to look to the physical world for the causes of conditions amoii"" 
men. It is a fact, hard and rugged as it may appear to the 
sentimental mind, tbat man is a true child of nature. The 
warm days of a springtime are enervating. One feels a 
lethargy stealing over him as the high nerve tension of winter 
gives place to the greater indolence of the summer months. 
Resist it as he will, the body cannot respond to amlntious effort. 
The proverbial shiftlessness of the south and the shriveled and 
narrowed physiques and intellects of the high north are well 
attested facts. 

The laws which direct the course of things extend to the 
human race and bind man down to the conditions which surround 
him, except so far as a touch of the divine gives him power to 
modify himself or to bring under his own control the surround- 
ings under which he passes. 

Touching this position one becomes convinced on reading the 
opening pages of Curtius' History of Grreece. With a masterly 
hand the author traces the'jpeculiar" traits of tlie several tribes 
of the Grecian nation to the characteristics of soil, climate and 
surroundings of the several portions] of that peninsula. How 
the warm, sunny valleys and rich bottom lands developed the 
disposition to submit to the will of heaven : and how the hills 
W(ire covered with the spirit of brave independence are clearly 
pointed out. ''Yet at how early a date/' says the author, "would 
Greek history have come to an end had its onlv theater been 



PHYSICAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 



under the skies of Ionia! It was, after all, only in European 
Hellas that the fullness of energy of which the nation was capa- 
ble came to light; on that soil so much more sparingly endowed 
by nature; here, after all, men's bodies received a more power- 
ful, and their minds a freer, development; here the country 
which they made their own by drainage and embankment and 
artificial irrigation, became their native land in a fuller sense 
than the land on the opposite shore, where the gifts of God 
dropped into men's laps without any effort being necessary for 
their attainment." 

On coming to a later day and a newer country we can see the 
finger of physical destiny pointing out to the great British king- 
dom the way to universal supremacy. 

The uplifting of Britain since the land was first occupied by 
man and her separation from the rest of Europe by the inflow- 
ing of the sea has protected her people from encroachments; has 
allowed of an internal development possible to no other nation 
of this globe — not even to China. 

The people were fitted by a vigorous and healthy intellectual 
growth to seize upon and utilize the wonderful material resources 
of the island, the stores of coal and iron, the fertility of the soil 
and unsurpassed shipping facilities. National traits, too, have 
been allowed to crystallize. The light-hearted, keen, ready, 
witty, impulsive Irishman, and the Scottish highlander, neither 
merry nor witty, but reserved, unexpansive and determinedly 
persevering, were originally the same being. 

The fertile soil and soft climate which have made Ireland the 
''Emerald Isle," the freedom from foreign interference, and the 
certainty of a return for his labor have left but little to mar 
the gayety and the careless, childlike temperament of the Irish- 
man. Narrow glens, high, rugged hills, a scant and stony soil, 
and a wet. cold uncertain climate environ the hio-hlander. The 



IMIYSICAF. I'OSSIl'.lM riKS OK MINNKSOTA. 



clouds arouncl the hilltops shut out the sun from his fields, the 
seed often rots in the <2^round, ;ind the «i^rjiin will liardly rij)eii 
in his sniiill and hardly wroii^^ht corn patch. He, too, like the 
j^ranite hills that shut him in, has become hard and endurin<j^_ 

If this seems a solitary illustration drawn from modern days, 
compare with it the same Celtic race as developed amouf^ the 
mountains of Switzerland and on the fertile plains of lowland 
France. 

The state from which this Club receives its name occupies the 
very apex of the North American continent, with a mantle of 
soil 84,286 square miles in extent. Of this area 29,453 square 
miles are drained to the northward into Hudson's ])ay throu<^h 
the Hed and Rainy Lake rivers; 7,689 square miles eastward 
into the gulf of St. Lawrence through the St. Louis and Pigeon 
rivers, and also the Brule, Temperance, the Baptism and the 
Devil's Track — long may they flow, and may the speckled trout 
ever sport in their waters! — the drainage of 1,929 square miles, 
a tract nearly as large as Delaware, in the southwestern corner 
of the state, is directed into the Missouri, while the waters from 
the remaining surface, 35,215 square miles, flow to the south 
and with those of the Missouri are lost in the gulf of Mexico. 

And touching this position, too, the terms apex and center are 
practically synonyms, for it is only 200 miles further from St. 
Vincent to Astoria. Ore., than it is from Pigeon Point to East- 
port, Me.; or standing beside the falls of St. Anthony, where 
the Father of Waters slides down over a plank of pine from his 
bed upon silurian corals, brachiopods, mammoth orthoceratites, 
and the progenitors of the oyster into the dark uncertainties of 
the Cambrian age, one is only 400 miles nearer the isthmus of 
Panama than the Behring strait; he is as near the spot where 
Dr. Kane and his party went into winter quarters, almost upon 
the shore of the open polar sea. as he is to the route of the 



6 PHYSICAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 

proposed canal across Nicaragua; indeed, Fort York, the Hudson 
Bay port for the northwest territory, is nearer to him by many 
miles than either Montreal or Vicksburg. 

What distances to contemplate! As we stand here and try 
to grasp the capabilities of this stretch of country beyond us 
we find that its half cannot now be told. Between the Missis- 
sippi river and the foot of the rugged Rocky mountains, from 
the south line of Dakota to the northern limit of the cereals 
there lies a territory upon which England, France and Germany 
can be extended and an empire still be left. Nearly all this 
area is fertile for grain or grass or fish. We are located upon 
its very border, whether we consider space or time. 

So if it were the physical possibilities from a commercial 
standpoint, we should see that Minnesota is the gateway through 
which must pour in the future a large portion of the products 
of a continent. As at a break in an embankment, if the small 
stream be not promptly stopped, soon an irresistable current 
will follow. So here with the currents of trade and travel. The 
stream has already been directed through the state into the vast 
empire beyond us, and unless checked by the perversity of men, 
or turned by their unpardonable lack of business vigilance, it 
will take on volume as it rolls. The return will be greater 
than the flow, since it will have the added momentum of all the 
surplus the great northwest can produce. 

Under ordinary circumstances one would suppose this central 
area from which the waters run would be to the surrounding 
states what a New England hillside is to the patches of bottom- 
land along her streams. Such might have been the case had not 
the gently sloping surface of our state been prepared for its 
present occupants by the plow. Not the plow of our fathers, 
that old farm implement which rises to our imagination with its 
wroughtiron point, its wooden mould board, its long beam, its 



PHYSICAL I'OSSl HI LITIKS Oi? MINNESOTA. 7 



rough handles and its complete show of clumsy liaiidiwork: for 
this plow was devised, served its generation, did well its rough 
work and passed into new and improved forms, long aft<'r tliat 
original plow closed up its work upon the arable portions of 
our continent. But I refer to that great glacial plow, guided 
by infinite hands, cutting deep through fields of ice and into 
the ancient rocks, carving furrow after furrow from the nortli 
towards the south. By it the wrinkled gneisses and schists were 
torn up and carried along, the upturned edges of the slates were 
cut away, the uppermost silurian was shaved off, while lava 
fields, hundreds of miles in extent, to the north of Lake Su- 
perior and in Canada were removed piece by piece. All then- 
debris in fragments, coarse and fine, rounded and smoothed by 
constant rolling and pushing and perpetual contact, has been 
left in uneven ridges on almost every square mile of our state and 
of our neighboring states. It covers the bed-rock with a layer 
from a few inches to several hundred feet in thickness. It con- 
tains silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, potash and soda, phos- 
phoric acid and ^vater, in short, every chemical constituent neces- 
sary to make a varied soil. It has in places a sub-soil of clay- 
there grasses will never cease to grow— elsewhere a gravelly sub- 
soil will allow the many fruit and forest trees to brace themselves 
deep and strong against the winds. 

So we see that Minnesota will yield wheat and oats, corn, rye, 
and grass, fruit and amber cane; and we see something more: 
these staple products will grow side by side and in alnmdant 
crop. A few figures will prove the statement: 

According to the tenth census tables, the yield per acre in 
Minnesota was: 

BUSHELS. 

For Wlieat H^i 

For Rye 16 

For Oats '"^^ 

For Barley 11^2 

For Buckwheat H 

For Corn ^^ 



PHYSICAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 



The whole United States, Minnesota included, yielded per 
acre : 

BUSHELS. 

Wheat 13 

. Eye 11 

Oats 25 

Barley 22 

Buckwheat 14 

Corn 28 

Calculating for all the crops, the average per acre for the 
same tables we get for Minnesota, eighteen bushels, for the 
whole United States, 14.3 bushels. 

In the above list the wheat crop is the one about which we 
are particularly sensitive. We know we produce the best wheat 
and want to produce the most of it. The crop for 1879, and 
from which the tables were calculated, was 34,600,000 raised 
on a little more than 3,000,000 acres; but since those days of 
the last decade we have increased both our total yield, and our 
yield per acre. 





ACRES. 


YIELDED. 


BUSHELS 
PER ACRE, 


In 1882 


2,547,000 
2,571,637 
2,780,539 


33,030,500 
38,365,373 
47,792,662 


13 


In 1883 


15 


In 1884 


17.18 







.\ncl the least of these is equal to the total average of the 
United States in 1879. 

Lest anyone should think that the wheat crop was exception- 
al, I have calculated the total of these several crops — wheat, rye, 
oats, barley, buckwheat and corn for Minnesota, and found them 
to be for 1880, 16.6 bushels per acre of all the crops named. 

1881, 16.3 bushels per acre of all the crops named. 

1882, 17.1 bushels per acre of all the crops named. 
1863, 17.5 bushels per acre of all the crops named. 

While 1884 has yielded the most bountiful harvest the state 
has known. 



PHYSICAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 9 

Turning- to jiiiothcr i)r()(luct. it is sulticient perhaps to state 
that more grass will grow to the acre in Minnesota than in any 
other state in the union. In 1879, the latest report at hand, 
Minnesota yielded 1.55 tons per acre of hay, while the whole 
country yielded only 1.15 tons. Following Minnesota in the 
order named, Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin produced 1.45, 1.33 
and 1.28 tons; the remaining states so little as to bring down 
the average to the figures named, /. e. 1.15 tons. 

This superior fertility for grass is the bow of promise for our 
state. With the filling up of our many sloughs and shallow 
lakes the acreage of choice grass lands is constantly increasing. 
Domestic animals of all kinds are of superior health and vigor. 
The possibilities of the future in all those products of the farm 
depending directly upon the amount of hay and grass annually 
grown are almost beyond estimate. 

These are a few of the present facts, from an agriculturist's 
standpoint. We might philosophize long and profitably from 
them to the possibilities, did time permit. The history of agri- 
culture has shown that everything depends upon a wise selection 
of varieties, whether in raising crops or rearing flocks. The 
soil of Minnesota will respond to almost any reasonable demand. 
But our farmers have learned that nature cannot be controlled: 
her laws are ever executed: wheat will not always mature, corn 
will not always ripen— they will not both thrive at their best 
under the same physical conditions. * * * The fortunate 
choice from an almost indefinite number often makes all the 
difference between profit and no profit, l^etween success and 
failure 

One of the ])roblems. yes, of the possibilities, of the future 
lies in that mental grasp which will select those crops, rear those 
varieties of animals destined to crown labor with profit, and ex- 
periment with the highest success. 



10 PHA'SICAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 

These vast agricultural actualities and posvsibilities it is possi- 
ble to move to the markets of the world with surprising facility. 
The millions who were so unfortunate as not to have been born 
in or migrated to Minnesota must be fed aud kept warm. 

The lowest part of our state, the shore of Lake Superior, is 
602 feet above the sea; the highest, the Mesabi, the watershed 
between the head waters of the St. Lawrence system and those 
of the Hudson bay, less than 2,500 feet high. The great prairie 
region is singularl}^ uniform in altitude, and the average height 
of the whole state is not far from 1,200 feet. Railroads can be 
built anywhere, long trains can be drawn and markets ])e reached 
with cheapness and quickness. 

But the man who has no taste for farming must not think 
there is no place for him in this great garden of the northwest. 
Here is the center of the continent. Clustered aiound this geo- 
graphical center, the falls of St. Anthony, are flouring and lum- 
bering mills, the like of which the world has never seen. Here 
the new products of the farm and forest are prepared for use, 
and men must come to do this work. Over 135,000 horse-power 
can be utilized for ever}^ branch of manufacturing the needs of 
a half million square miles demand. 

This is only a fraction of the sum total of the water power 
available along our many streams. The rapids of the St. Croix, 
the St. Louis, the Minnesota, the Red, and the many smaller 
streams of the state lie as yet almost wholly undeveloped, as 
possibilities, the magnitude of which will grow with each suc- 
ceeding year. 

The building stones of Minnesota deserve notice. Wherever 
the smoother hummocks appear, too hard for the glacial plow 
to overthrow or wear away, the l)est of material for pavements, 
business blocks, bridges, and every other heavy structure can be 
found. General Gilmore has determined the resistance to pres- 



I'HVSICAL I'OSSIHILITIKS OF M I \.\ KSOTA. 1 1 



sure of our granites mucI syenites, to be something surprising; 
25,000 to 2S,000 ])()iiii(ls })!')• s(|u;ir(' iiicli is tlie iisiuil shvngtli 
of tliosc )-o{'ks now being (jiiarrieJ in tlie central part of tin* 
stale. A power of 2.000 tons per square foot in a well built 
wall will enable an areliiteet to east fear to tlie winds. Ibit tin,* 
granites are only the foundation rocks. Lying upon these are 
rooting slates, as at Knife Falls and Thompson; then conies the 
t^andstone and the quartzite of the southwestern portions of the 
state: next the Lake Superior brown stone — that of our West- 
minster church, a grand and eternal-looking structure — lies in 
immense beds around Fond-du-Lac; nor is the supply by any 
meanssmall along the Kettle river valley; while into the perpen- 
dicular bluffs of the Minnesota and the Mississippi at Mankato, 
Kasota, Shakopee, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Stillwater, Nininger, 
lied Wing, Frontenac, Winona, Dresbach, and a score of other 
places, the quarry man has begun to hew and blast. From these 
quarries the stonemason dresses the best limestone, dolomite and 
sandstone of the upper Mississippi valley. When around and 
to the west of us twenty or more millions of people, with all 
the wealth and development of public and piivate enterprise 
Avhich such a population implies, are bringing to a still higher 
perfection their physical and commercial possibilities, these beds 
of granites, sandstones and limestones, with deposits of brick 
clay in every county, yes, almost every township in the state, 
will only begin to show their capabilities. 

According to the reports of explorers brought in from the 
woods, the northeastern portion of the state will never be well 
adapted to agriculture. But there is a grand compensation. 
It contains what are believed to be some of the richest deposits 
of iron ore thus far discovered on this continent. The ores are 
hematite and magnetite, varying in their yield of metallic iron 
from 50 to 70 per cent. The beds of ore are so situated that 



12 PHYSICAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 

the cost of loading the material on the cars is a mere trifle. 
And already, even before the mines are fairly opened, thousands 
of tons are transported to the smelting furnaces of Cleveland. 
When the time comes that smelting works and steel works and 
rolling mills are located at Duluth, Grand Marais, and other 
soon-to-be important lake ports, we shall see an industry wholly 
Minnesotan, of which every inhabitant of the state must be 
proud. We can scarcely compnte the amount of iron which will 
be needed to meet the business wants of the 300,000 square miles 
of prairie grain fields and pastures soon to be occupied between 
the great lakes and the Rocky mounta'ns. Minnesota can yield 
enough to supply every demand. 

Gold and silver have long been known to exist in the north- 
ern part of the state. Many an explorer has taken his pack, 
his miner's pick and a box of matches and traversed that broken 
country in search of metals. The search is last at successful. 
The sanguine prophets of the past, who have been looked upon 
as dreamers or speculators, are now rather regarded as keen- 
sighted men, who did not tell the half they knew. Samples of 
gold and silver ore are being sent in from the tract lying to the 
north of Lake Superior, which disclose to the assayer a surpris- 
ing richness. 

The temperature of Minnesota is another subject of vital 
importance. Our 10,000 lakes form a vast reservoir of heat, of 
which a single computation may giye a more definite concep- 
tion. According to Rev. C. M. Terry, in his paper on the 
hydrology of Minnesota, the lakes will give an average, taken 
at their highest tempterature, of about 75 degrees, or 43 degrees 
above freezing point. Ten feet may be taken as a fair average 
of depth for the 5,688 square miles of water surface these lakes 
contain, thus giving 10.68 cubic miles of water. Each cubic 
foot will contain about 1,250,000 foot pounds of heat, or heat 



PHYSICAL POSSIIUI.ITIKS OK M I N N KSOTA. 18 

enough to raise 1,250,000 ])oini(ls one foot from the eartli, thus 
giving' to the whoh: hulk of waici* Ihc cuoiuk/us jiowcrof 2/.)r)2, 
r);-U).8()0,000.()00,000 foot pounds, in other words, there is heat 
enou«;h stored up in our IVIiuiicsota lakes eacdi suiuiuer and 
given otf during the cooling auiiiiun. to raise a hlock of granite 
as large as a township and 100 feet thick, to a highth of over 
800 miles al)ove the level of the sea. 

One of the possihilities of Minnesota is that these thousands 
of lakes will l)e filled up hy growing ])lants, and tliis heat will 
be stored in earth which will give it up rapidly, thus ujaking 
our summers hotter than they are now, and affording no pro- 
tection against our northern winds, which bear over the state 
the chilling winds and nipping frosts of autumn. This, how- 
ever, is not a probability of the immediate future. 

The rainfall of our state is a significant figure in the problem 
of climate. These figures are shown by observation: the 
annual rainfall at the Fort Snelling station for the eighteen 
years between 1837 and 1854 inclusive, was 25 30 inches. Mr. 
William Cheney tells us that for the last eighteen years, the 
average has been at Minneapolis 28.67 inches, which is just 
about the average of the w^iole United States, not including 
Alaska. Since we consider our country the nearest perfect of 
of any on the globe, we can flatter ourselves that this state is 
not far from the golden mean, so far as rainfall is concerned, 
at least. As Mr. Cheney's figures indicate to us that it is rain- 
ing more and more with each succeeding decade, another of the 
physical possibilities is that we shall be drenched by perpetual 
rains and a second flood. 

The effect of this rather dry air — I say rather dry because 
the bulk of our United States population lives in the moister 
climates of the east and south, the dry plains of the interior 
which average our rainfall, are not yet peopled — is to increase 



14 PHYSICAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 

nervous activity. Our nervous system is not wholly in our 
heads. Fibres and termini are thickly interwoven over every 
square millimetre of our skin. Moisture soothes and quiets 
them; dryness irritates and excites. This excitement gives an 
impulse to activity which hears the whole nature before it: 
urges both mind body on in an impetuous movement. If this 
movement be rightly directed the result is good. Occasional rest 
is essential, but the projjer rest cannot be found at home. The 
south or the seashore where the air is soft, where moisture ener- 
vates, should be visited. 

The physical possibilities of Minnesota can scarcely be estima- 
ted. We have computed present possibilities chiefly, and merely 
hinted toward the future. Calculating that future from the 
equation of the past, we can obtain a result difficult to compre- 
hend, yet in no way tending to excite alarm. It should spur us 
on to honorable effort that in coming years this great common- 
wealth shall be iu every way what we in our calmest moments 
with the orreatest confidence foresee and declare. 




J qc ■ Lon-)n')crcial • ossibililics • o • l^injqcsola. 

BY DAVID C. UELL. 

T must regret tluit this branch of the tlieme which we consider 
^ to-night had not fallen to other hands, for I am admonished 
at the ontset that I must undertake to sail between the Scylla 
of Professor Hall's paper which has just been given, and the 
Charybdis of Mr. Morley's, which is to follow. There is, how- 
ever, I perceive, some allowance made for the exercise of the 
gift of prophecy. 

What better foundations for material and commercial pros- 
perity could be laid than were laid by the Creator in the most 
favorable physical conditions with which he endowed this 
region; and what higher ends can be set before us as citizens of 
Minnesota, than the moral uplifting of all the people of our 
commonwealth? 

We come then directly to our topic: " The Commercial Pos- 
sibilities of Minnesota. " We shall find our prime factors in 
the favorable geographical position that our state occupies, near 
the center and at the grand watershed of the continent; and in 
our large territorial extent. 

The first is made sufficiently plain by a glance at the map. 
The second is iUustrated by the figures before you. The area 
of New England is 65,038 square miles; New York, 47,000; 
Minnesota, 84,287. That is to say, Minnesota is some 80 per 
cent, larger than the Empire state, and 30 per cent, larger than 
the six New England states. Not only this, but her 53,943,379 
acres are mainly arable, and of abounding fertility; so that, 
after deducting the 3,608,012 acres, or nearly one sixteenth of 
the whole, for the large and small inland lakes, we still have 



16 COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 

over fifty millions of acres in our domain. The general char- 
acter of the state's surface is gently undulating prairie land, 
covered with nutritous natural grasses, with alternating timber 
belts. A large section of the state is fittingly designated " The 
Park Region. " Ten thousand clear lakes, well distributed over 
the entire state, furnish, with their numerous outlets, an abun- 
dant and never failing supply of the best water. 

Fish abound in the lakes, and in the streams are vast hydraulic 
powers, many of which are easily controlled and developed. 
Now, when we come to speak of man's development and use of 
these great natural resources that we have so briefly outlined, 
it will not be surprising if few of us have given the subject any 
careful study. Possibly one of our first surprises will be the small 
beginnings thus far made. A glance at the following diagram 




COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES OP MIKNESOTA. 17 



will show you tluat only 6,5000,000 acres— less than one- 
eighth of our stiite— has yet been brought under cultivation, and 
that but imperfectly. This is not, however, a remarkable fact, 
when we remember that it is but twenty-seven years this present 
month since Minnesota became one of the United States of Amer- 
ica. As states count their history, ours still wears the swaddling 
clothes of its babyhood; yet T doubt not when the figures are 
before us, all will admit the vigor and promise of the infant. 

As to agricultural products or commerce, Minnesota had 
none worth the name up to the date of her admission into the 
Union in 1858. We need not therefore, go back of that date for 
our commercial statistics. Let us, in the first place, note the 
growth in the products of the soil. As late as 1859 local deal- 
ers in St. Paul and Minneapolis were announcing large consign- 
ments of flour and oats from down-river points, which meant 
from Dubuque, Davenport and Galena. 

Think of sending oats to a state that raised over 41,000,000 
bushels last year, and of shipping flour to Minneapolis, the out- 
put of whose mills for the current week was 142.836 barrels, 
making it the largest flour manufacturing center on the globe. 
It is the leading primary wheat market as well, her receipts in 
1884 exceeding those of Chicago by more than 2,000,000 bushels. 
Besides this our single lake port, Duluth. shipped over 11,000,- 
000 bushels of wheat in 1884, giving it rank with the great wheat 
markets of the country. 

Beginning with the year 1860, we shall find the increase in 
Minnesota's three leading staples as follows: 



18 



COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 



AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 





WHEAT. 


OATS. 


CORN. 


I860 


2,186,993 

18,866,073 

34,601,030 

47,792,662 

17.18 


2,176,002 

10,678,261 

23,382,158 

41,203,742 

40.18 


2,941,952 


1870 


4,743,117 


1880 


14,831,741 


1884 


23,630,000 


1884, average yield. 


35.50 



OTHER PRODUCTS (ESTIMATED.) 

AMOUNT. VALUE. 

Early amber cane syrup 1,000,(X)0 galls $500,000 

Butter and cheese 30,000,000 lbs 4,000,000 

Logs and lumber 691,000,000 ft 18,000,000 

Flour, etc 40,000,000 

Total products of dairy, orchard and farm 75,000,000 

We shall find another index to our development along these 
lines, in the property valuation as listed to the assessors for 
taxation. The official records give us the following figures up 
to 1884: 

PROPERTY VALUATION. 

1860, real and personal $ 36,743,498 

1872, real and personal 108,373,836 

1880, real and personal 268,517,736 

1884, real and personal 401,028,587 

1890, real and personal estimated 600,000,000 

1900, real and personal estimated 1,000,000,000 

Let us bear in mind the fact that not over one-half the actual 
value of real estate is given, and probably not over one-quarter 
to one-third the value of personal property. 

We come now to note the advance in population. Here also 
we find a wonderful gain in the few years since Minnesota 
began to attract settlers from the older states, and from over 
the sea. There has been worked out here in a brief period a 
substantial development and prosperity, that all in all,has scarcely 
been paralleled in the world's history. Until we learn some- 
thing of the people themselves that have wrought the miracle, 
we shall have missed its secret. 

Not long since the writer spent a day and night in one of 



CDMMKRCiAL PUSSlblLiTIES OF MlNXEbUTA. i'.J 

the newer timbered regions of our state. My host mid his 
family had moved from Wisconsin; their ])resent homo a h>«^ 
cabin, tlie farm but partly cleared. Near the cabin on a fine 
elevated site was shown the stone foundation for a iicw house. 
Piled close at hand was the luuiber for the superstructure. 
In an adjacent shed were tlie door and window frames, made at 
odd times by this farmer and his handy sons; and spread out on 
my host's knees not many hours after my arrival, wer<' the 
ground plans and elevations of this prospective house, with its 
piazzas, bay windows, bath-room and modern improvements. 
In a few months the log cabin will in the natural course be 
exchanged for this really fine house. This is a sample of the 
thrift and enterprise of the people that make up our population. 
They get on in the world. 

For a suggestive contrast to all this, go with me down into 
New Mexico, where there is a different race and a diverse civili- 
zation. Here yon shall find a regulation adobe house, on the 
sunny or shady side of which, according to season and time of 
day, basks the shiftless householder, where generations of his 
ancestors have lounged before him. His commercial and agri- 
cultural ventures are limited to occasionally driving to town a 
sorry burro loaded with an armful of pinon wood, or plowing 
his field with yoked cows and a crooked stick, as in the days 
of the Ptolemies. He neither knows nor needs hardware mer- 
chant, lumber dealer, or agricultural implement man. 

Having considered somewhat the quality of our population, 
let us now regard numbers. We shall find here the same rapid 
growth that has marked our state's development in other lines: 

POPULATION. 

1860 ( two years after admission ) 172,023 

1865 250,097 

1870 , 4:39,-107 

1880 780,773 

1884 (estimated) 1,000,000 

1890 (estimated) 1,450,000 

1900 (estimated) 3,000,000 



20 COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 

Minnesota presents an interesting field for the study of the 
race problem. Inasmuch as a consideration of this question 
must largely aSect her commercial future, we may briefly 
glance at it in this connection. With a purely native American 
population of scarcely more than 28 per cent., she possesses a 
distinctly foreign element of about 34 per cent. Of this the 
Scandinavian races furnish nearly one-half — no other state has 
so many ^ while the German population is less than 10 per 
cent, of the whole, and the Irish scarcely 3 per cent. 

Our Scandinavian people make excellent citizens. They are 
for the most part a moral, temperate, industrious, Sabbath- 
keeping, home-loving, law-abiding folk. They Americanize 
readily, and show such thrift and enterprise withal as easily to 
persuade us that they are the true Yankees of Europe and our 
very kith and kin. 

As this is "Minnesota day," we may be excused for making 
one or two suggestive comparisons with our neighbor on the 
southwest, Kansas. In the matter of insurance, there was 
carried in 1872 in this state fire risks amounting to $48,718,176, 
which in 1883 had increased to $188,063,006. The same year 
the fire risks carried in Kansas amounted to only $85,811,151 — 
over $100,000,000 less; while in life insurance premiums she 
paid $114,169, as against Minnesota $521,691 — ^or scarcely one 
quarter as much. But these are incidental rafcher than important. 

RAILWAYS. 

Let us now briefly consider the subject of railways and trans- 
portation. The 300 to 400 miles of natural water ways which 
Minnesota possesses may be deemed a sort of reserve. Rail- 
ways have proved the great factors in developing and pro- 
moting our commerce. Of these not a rail was laid in the 
state as late as 1861, and only ten miles were built in 1862. 
The Red river cart and dog train were at that time the only 
com mercial ties that connected us with the vast British posses- 
sions lying along our northern border, to which we are now so 



COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 21 

closely linked with iron bonds. What is the present showing? 
At the close of 1884 there were in operation in Minnesota, 
4,125 miles of railroad, built at a reported cost of $181,370,722, 
with reported annual gross earnings amounting to $28,508,089, 
and paying into the state treasury a yearly tax of $613,865. It 
may now be asserted that no portion of the state south of our 
great trans-continental line, the Northern Pacific railway, and 
west of the Mississippi river, is twenty-five miles distant from 
a railroad. 

MINNESOTA AT THE WORLD's FAIR. 

Minnesota's part in the world's exposition at New Orleans 
has been highly creditable. While the results minister to our 
honest and warrantable state pride, let them also furnish our 
citizens some useful practical hints. 

Among the notable premiums awarded to Minnesota products 
were two each for sugars and syrups — early amber — eight for 
grapes, two for horses, forty-one for poultry, and twenty-one 
for butter and cheese. Perhaps more significant than all the 
rest was the sweepstakes premium for butter. This doubtless 
points to a future development in the line of dairying, that 
will in time dwarf all the farming interests in our state, and 
bring great and permanent prosperity to our people. Already 
Minnesota contains 1,500,000 head of stock, valued at $51,000,- 
000; but the dairying capabilities of the state are scarcely 
touched. Governor Hubbard in his late message to the state 
legislature, refers to this growing industry as follows: "In 
the older portions of our state, where our agricultural industry 
has demonstrated the adaptability of our soil and climate to 
the employment of the most advanced methods of husbandry, 
there has rapidly developed in recent years large interests in 
stock raising, and extensive establishments for the manufacture 
of dairy products, from which the farmer realizes handsomely 
from his investment and labor. " He adds: '' As a result, these 
are eminently prosperous and accumulating wealth." That 



22 COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 

we might have this matter, which seems to be so related to our 
commercial future, brought before us in the most intelligent 
manner, I have lately communicated some inquiries to our able 
state dairy commissioner, Mr. W. C, Rice; and from his reply 
make the following extracts : " In regard to the matter referred 
by you; there is such a thing as the dairy belt. It is limited 
to a section 150 miles wide extending across the country 
between latitude 42 and 45 degrees north. Within this limit 
the climate possesses the qualities which cause cream to ripen 
to perfection. It also yields the grain and grasses best calcu- 
lated to produce milk rich in the constituent elements of butter 
and cheese. Then in addition to climatic influences there are 
local causes which exert a marked influence upon the perfection 
of dairy products. Wherever in this belt there is a limestone 
or granite soil, with hard water, there the tame grasses flourish 
best, and a peculiar aroma and solidity characterize the dairy 
products of such sections. Minnesota possesses in a remark- 
able degree every one of these essential elements for success in 
dairying. They may be summarized as follows: 

First — The unusual healthfulness of animals. 

Second — A soil known as a blue grass soil. 

Third — Clear, hard water. 

Fourth — A clear dry atmosphere, without sultriness or fogs. 

Fifth — A location which commands markets east and west. 

The dairy interests of Minnesota have grown from nothing 
in 1880 to 30,000,000 pounds of creamery butter in 1884. 
( The first creamery built in the state was in 1880.) A corres- 
ponding increase has been made in dairy butter and cheese. 

Tbe possibilities of Minnesota in this direction are practi- 
cally unlimited. The state can keep 2,000,000 cows and make 
400,000,000 pounds of butter in a year, and only use one acre 
in four of her arable lands. But of course mixed farming is 
what our state needs, and a proper proportion of dairying 
makes a very large possible resource to the state. " 



OOMMERICAL POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 23 

I hiive attempted to «;n)iii> t<)<^etlier and present to you in 
this condensed form some of the l<'adin<^ factors in tlie material 
deveh^l>ment of our <ijreat commonwealth, and to [)()int out 
some orood signs of her future commercial possibilities. 

Perha])s the most sutj^gestive showint^ as well as hest ei)itome, 
will ])e the summary of the business statistics of Minnesota's 
two <4reat cities. 

MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL. 

Statistics of imi. Aggregate. 

Population 200,000 

Banking capital »$12,H60,717 

Buildings erected during the year 4,848 

At a cost of $15,481,377 

Real estate sales for the year 29,076,859 

Jobbing sales 120,418,050 

Manufactures (Minneapolis) 00,347,0(K) 

I need scarcely say that our reliance in this paper has been 
on facts and figures, rather than on any setting of words. 

I recall, however, a prophecy concerning Minnesota, spoken 
by William H. Seward, in September, 1860, from the steps of 
our state capitol. At the time these words were uttered they 
seemed to us who listened, little more than the compliment of 
the hour; but they now read so like the inspired words of a 
seer, that I venture to quote them in closing: 

"Here is the central place w^here the agriculture of the rich- 
est regions of North America must begin its magnificent sup- 
plies to the whole world. On the east, along the shores of 
Lake Superior, and on the west, stretching in one broad plain, 
in a belt across the continent, is a country where state after 
state is yet to rise, and whence the productions for the support 
of human society in other crowded states must forever go 
forth. This is then a commanding field; but it is as command- 
ing in regard to the commercial future, for power is not to 
reside permanently on the eastern slope of the Alleghany 
mountains, nor in the seaports of the Pacific. Seaports have 
always been controlled at last by the people of the inland and 



24 COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES OF MIKKESOTA. 

of the upland. Those who inhabit the sources of the mighty- 
waters are they who supply all states with the materials of 
wealth and power. The seaports Avill be the mouths by which 
we shall communicate and correspond with Europe, but the 
power that shall speak and shall communicate and express 
the will of men on this continent is to be located in the Miss- 
issippi valley, and at the sources of the Mississippi and the St. 
Lawrence. In other days, studying what might, perhaps, have 
seemed to others a visionary subject, I have cast about for the 
future, the ultimate central seat of power of the North American 
people. I have looked at Quebec, and at New Orleans, at Wash- 
ington and at San Francisco, at Cincinnati and at St. Louis, and 
it has been the result of my best conjecture that the seat of power 
for North America would yet be found in the valley of Mexico; 
that the glories of the Aztec capital would be renewed and that 
city would become ultimately the capital of the United States of 
America. But T have corrected that view, and I now believe 
that the last seat of power on the great continent will be found 
somewhere within a radius not far from the very spot where I 
stand, at the head of navigation on the Mississippi river, and on 
the great Mediterranean lakes. " 

Had it been permitted to this great statesman to revisit our 
state now, a quarter of a century after these words were spoken, 
he should have seen indubitable proofs of the certain fulfilment 
of this glowing prophecy. 



r)C • I\cliqious- ossibililics-oj • A \ir)i^csola. 

BY KEY. JOHN H. MORLEY, ST. PAUL. 

^^he materiiil and tlie spiritual are closely connected. The body 
-'■ influences the spirit, and in turn is influenced by it. So 
the material interests of the state are connected with the spir- 
itual. As a strong body gives the spirit larger capacities, so the 
material prosperity of the state is a help to its spiritual growth. 
The vigorous body may rule the spirit, and the material pros- 
perity of the community may dwarf its spiritual growth. 
But material prosperity is an aid to spiritual prosperity. Here 
lies one of the religious possibilities of Minnesota. We have 
the conditions which will result in a rich, prosperous commu- 
nity. Minnesota wheat and flour are celebrated the world over. 
Our lumber has brought riches to many of our number who 
are using it for the Master. The growing of cattle, 3^et in its 
infancy, is destined to bring wealth to those portions of the 
state where w^ieat is raised only with a small profit. Consider^ 
then, that we are favorably situated to secure cheap transporta- 
tion, the w^ater aiding us in keeping down freight; reflect that 
w^e are at the initial point of those great lines which lead out to 
the west and northwest, and that these sections are tributary to 
our twin cities, if we have the shrewdness to make them so; 
remember, too, that our population is of that hardy, energetic 
type, commonly found in this belt of latitude, and that it is des- 
tined to be increased through the large unoccupied portions of 
the state until this commonwealth is the home of millions; 
reflect that our people have shown thrift, adaptability to new 
or to hard conditions, so that when wheat shows signs of failure 
they have turned to live stock and have retrieved themselves ; 



26 RELIGIOUS POSSIBILITIES OP MINNESOTA . 

that ill our southwest corner they have been undaunted by re- 
peated visitations of grasshoppers in past years; that our mer- 
chants are showing power to control the wholesale trade of the 
northwest, and we see that here are the conditions of a rich, 
populous state. 

If these energies be turned into religious channels Ave shall 
have a noble exhibition of religion. If the habit of Christian 
benevolence be established, we shall soon make our colleges 
independent of eastern aid, and our churches self-supporting. 
There is in the near future the power to make Carleton and 
Hamline and Macalester, by the aid of Minnesota money alone, 
as rich as Yale or Princeton. It needs but a few years of 
prosperity to make our churches independent of the home mis- 
sionary aid by which so many of them have been nurtured. It 
needs but a few yjears more to make the churches of this state 
the great treasury of Christian benevolence from which the 
golden streams shall go out to the ends of the earth, as they 
have come to us from many eastern states in the past. That 
this is not a remote possibility is seen from the fact that, in 
one Christian denomination, Minnesota led in gifts to home 
missions, and that the church whose gifts to benevolence last 
year and the year before are the largest, as reported in our year 
book, is in this city. To some extent our people appreciate 
their responsibility to give as the Lord prospers them, and there 
is here not only the possibility, but the moral certainty, of a bet- 
ter giving to missions than we have ever seen. 

But, again, let us notice that the character of our population, 
and its attitude with regard to morality, education and religion, 
prefigures indefinite religious possibilities. The trend of 
thought upon morals and religion is in the right direction. 
Take the question of temperance, which is closely connected 
with our religious welfare. We may not have gone so far as 



RELiaiOUS POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 27 



some of our sister coinnioiiwefiltlis. We may, considering' the 
hetero^n^neous character of our people, be buiklin<,' more wisely 
than if we buikled more rapidly. For that law is wise, not 
which is ideally the best, but which best meets the needs, the preju- 
dices, the various complications existing in the people for whom 
it is framed. Now the direction of public sentiment on the 
temperance question is right; our laws will become more strin- 
gent; our people are becoming better informed as to the effects 
of liquor drinking and the necessity of restricting the traffic. 
In various communities high license has been carried. In some 
of them it will remain. The state will carry it ere long. All 
this is the more encouraging because the large foreign element 
in our population which has been educated to look at the tem- 
perance question differently from us, might have prevented the 
advance already made. 

Education is the handmaid of religion. An uneducated peo- 
ple, a people educated out of sympathy with Christianity, are 
not susceptible to high religious progress. Our system of edu- 
cation is Christian. The temper of our people demands that 
religion, so far as it is the basis of morality, shall be taught in 
our public schools, so that our education is Christian, and the 
majority of the teachers in our common schools are either 
Christians, or have Christian spirit In the Christian spirit 
which is in, and gathers about our state university, which per- 
vades our three normal schools, in the warm religious atmos- 
phere which pervades our Carloton and our Hamline, we are re- 
minded of large possibilities of religious influence permeating 
our lower schools, affecting our whole population in those 
nameless ways by which consecrated mind impresses its sur- 
roundings. As the small nunvber of our colleges gives promise 
of adequate support for them all, so the temper already seen in 
them promises not only high scholarsliip, but the production <»f 
religious character. 



28 RELIGIOUS POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 

Notice now that quality of our population which makes it 
hospitable to the Christian church and its institutions. When 
a new town is started it expects the church. It always has a 
nucleus about which the Sabbath-school and the church can be 
formed. This is true even in the case of a town started by 
those avowedly hostile to Christianity. They would have the 
church. In any new town the money comes easily to build the 
first church, and when it is needed the second and third, and 
sometimes when not needed. Our population is naturally 
Christian to this extent that it craves the prayers, the preaching 
and the sweet songs of the church. 

As a feature of our character which indicates our religious 
future, I may add that our religion is intensely practical. For 
instance we haye not in our preaching discussed questions of 
theology so much as questions of evangelism. Our temper has 
not been one of debate over possibility of a second or continued 
probation for any members of our human race. It has de- 
manded rather, the immediate appliance of the gospel to save 
sinners now. We have not engaged largely in discussions in 
the higher theology; but we have founded churches; we have 
converted men; we have pushed the kingdom of Christ. This 
temper of our churches and ministers is one of the most hope- 
ful signs of large religious growth. They who present Christ 
to human hearts will save them. Those old words come to us 
as a melting anthem, '' I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will 
draw all men unto me. " 

We should be humble enough also to recognize that one ele- 
ment in our foreign population not only does not hinder, but 
helps on religious character. We have the largest Scandinavian 
population of any state in the union. The Scandinavians are 
law-abiding, industrious, moral, religious. They are more easily 
educated to right views upon temperance than the Irish or Ger- 



RELIGIOUS POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 29 

iiicius. They are in full sympathy with our free institutions. 
They take kindly to education. They are Protestant. All these 
characteristics make them, as some believe, the best possible 
class of settlers. 

Their religious character is destined to affect ours favorably. 
The Scandinavians are now passing through that great politico- 
religious ex])erience through which all our Protestant churches 
passed centuries ago. Emancipation from state religion, the 
going back to the simpler forms of truth, the taking the last 
appeal to the Scriptures; all these things we have passed 
through. They are passing through them now. Hence they 
assimilate with us religiously as w^ell as politically. In many 
respects they will, if we come into closer sympathy with them, 
influence us favorably. Their piety is simple and unaffected; 
their reverence for the Bible is profound. "What does the 
Bible say?" is their ultimate appeal in matters of religious 
faith. The movement by which the free church has just been 
formed began in an appeal to the Bible. This movement, which 
takes us back to the inception of our own free churches, is 
one of the most striking manifestations of divine power. 

The coming in contact with a people thus alive to the lead- 
ings of God's providences cannot but invigorate our piety. 
From the influence communicated to us from them we shall re- 
ceive great benefit. It goes without saying that the benefits 
will be reciprocal. We can assist the mission churches in their 
poverty with our wealth, we can aid them to an educated min- 
istry, of which they are now destitute, in many nameless ways 
in which a delicate Christian instinct will discover, we can aid 
them. But I should not dare say which party would receive 
the larger benefit. A thoughtful observer of the religious out- 
look will be thankful that we are to be reinforced by Scandina- 
vian faith and piety. It is believed that in the religious char- 



30 RELIGIOUS POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 

acter of its immigrants Minnesota is especially favored. Scan- 
dinavians come to Minnesota as their home, and we have the 
largest population of any of the states. 

If now, we consider how all these conditions of progress are 
accelerated by the probable increase in our population, we gain 
some idea of our possible religious development. We are thinly 
settled even in the most populous parts of the state, while large 
areas are practically uninhabited. Let Minnesota receive as 
many inhabitants to the square mile as Massachusetts has, and 
our population will be about 20,000,000. Let it equal that of 
England and Wales, and it will exceed 30,000,000. Three mil- 
lions of people for Minnesota in 1900, would not be an over es- 
timate. That our population is, in the next century, to be im- 
mense, that it will partake of the same general character as the 
present, having its thrift, its predilection in favor of temper- 
ance, education, religion, admits of no doubt. Many of our 
older states have, in certain respects at least, reached the limit 
of their possibilities; they must work upon the people already 
there, increased slowly by natural law, increased to some extent 
by immigration of an undesirable kind, and drained by the emi- 
gration of its best element to the west. Our possibities are all 
before. The flush of youth is upon us. Our strength is unde- 
veloped. 

Perhaps I may be allowed to specify two or three points of 
danger. First, there is danger that the temperance question be 
neglected; that it be decided upon pecuniary rather than moral 
considerations, or, that it be decided without the aid of the sober 
minded, thoughtful, prudent portion of the people, whose 
judgment must be invoked, before a permanent statute which is 
to be enforced, can be passed. There is a tendency to push the 
temperance question to the front, but the tendency is ephemeral' 
A community is roused to-day and torpid to-morrow. Many 
things conspire to push the temperance question into the back- 
ground. Then there is a tendency to elevate pecuniary consid- 
erations above the moral. The fact that high license will bring 



RELIGIOUS POSSIBILITIES OF MINNESOTA. 31 

larger revenues to the city and state is not conclusive ])r()of 
that high license is wise. Yet this argument is pushed to the 
exclusion of other considerations. The pecuniary considera- 
tions are slight. High license may he the thing for which we 
should aim, considering the present state of puhlic opinion and 
the varying prejudices of our mixed population, hut the ques- 
tion is to be decided by other than pecuniary considerations. 

So we are exposed to the danger of relegating the question 
to the temperance reformers so-called. I have only respect for 
them, but the question cannot be settled by them. When it is 
settled to stay, it must be settled by the great body of law-abid- 
ing men and women who have property, who pay taxes, who 
have no pet theories, but who will decide the question upon its 
merits. It is obvious that a great work of education is to be 
performed before the final settlement. If we place a law upon 
our statute books adapted to our needs; if we enforce it; if we 
so educate public sentiment in our state, now in its infancy, 
that its future millions shall respect and practice temperance, 
we need to bestir ourselves. 

There is danger, too, that the education of the young shall 
not be religious. As I have indicated the tendency of educa- 
tion here is religious. Religion, as the basis of morality, can be 
taught in our schools. Our system is in sympathy with religion. 
I know the delicacy of any attempt to make our schools more 
Christian. But we may improve the opportunity, allowed us by 
law, to teach religion as the foundation of morality farther than 
is yet done. We may throw the power of personal influence 
with teachers in favor of the many indescribable methods by 
which a teacher can win his pupils to morality and to the 
church. We may see, as far as is possible, that men in sympa- 
thy with Christian faith are chosen as teachers. It is for the 
public good, not simply for the good of the church, that our 
teachers be religious men. They will the better teach morality, 
thrift, and all those economic virtues which aid the state. 
All this is supplementary to the main work of the church. 



32 RELIGIOUS POSSIBILITIES OF MIKKESOTA. 

We are to aim directly at the religious training of the young. 
Every school supported by the state must be hampered in its 
religious teaching. There is only a limited range in which it 
can teach religious duties. We make no criticism upon state 
schools because of this limitation. We only emphasize the 
duty of the church to do what the state cannot do. In the 
line of the religious training of the young in the Sabbath- 
school; in the supporting of the church with its institutions in 
communities where the population is foreign, irreligious; in the 
full equipment of our colleges, are wrapped up the possibilities 
of the state. 

There is peril, too, that our religious development shall be 
dwarfed by our material development. In a region where the 
material possibilities are so gigantic, where the success already 
achieved faintly foreshadows that which the hurrying future 
will bring us, we must be spiritually alert if we meet the emer- 
gency. To many a man, the planting of a little church far out 
upon the frontier and the moulding of the community after 
the divine model, seems a small thing compared with the span- 
ning of a continent by a railway. The opening of a mission in 
one of the degraded parts of the city, and the converting men 
to Christ, and the building them into Christian manhood, these 
seem insignificant compared with the building of stone and 
granite blocks and the filling them with the products of the 
trade of a continent. We may feel that this material develop- 
ment, all this glory of bud and blossom, promises more for the 
welfare of society than does the gospel. We need to keep our 
personal faith in Christ intact, to maintain our confidence that 
the mightiest forces now operating to save society are in the 
gospel, and that from the cross there go out through all the 
world those lines of light and love which will surely dispel the 
darkness, and make the earth blossom with love as old Eden 
blossomed with flowers. If we hold ourselves responsible for 
the building here of a Christian state, we may, by God's grace, 
achieve our possibilities. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




